In Nigeria, about 60% to 70% of the Nigerian Population have no access to electricity. This persistent power crisis necessitated the government’s interest in alternative energy sources. As a result, the Nigerian government initiated designs to promote investments in renewable energy.
Over the years, there have therefore been directional policies on renewable energy, namely:
- National Energy Policy 2003 – The main goal of the policy was to create energy security through a robust energy supply mix, by diversifying the energy supply and energy carriers[1].
- Nigeria Renewable Energy Master Plan 2005 and 2012 (NREMP) – The Master Plan provided a regulatory framework for achieving the objective of maintaining a renewable portfolio standard, creating fiscal and market incentives, integrating Renewable Energy into Non-Energy Sector policies, establishing and reinforcing regulatory institutions and also, standardizing Renewable Energy Products.[2]
- Renewable Electricity Policy Guidelines 2006 – This was made to direct government’s vision, policies and objectives for promoting renewable energy in Nigeria’s power sector. It mandated the government on the expansion of electricity generation from renewables to at least 5% of the total electricity generated and a minimum of 5 TWH of electricity generation in the country.[3]
- National Biofuels Policy and Incentives 2007 – The key thrust of the policy was to develop and promote the domestic fuel ethanol industry, through the utilisation of agricultural products. The input of the policy to the renewable energy regulatory environment included the establishment of a Biofuels Commission, issuance of a biofuels regulation by the Minister of Petroleum Resources, establishment of a biofuels research agency, funding of research and development in biofuels development and incentives scheme for participants in the biofuels development subsector[4].
- National Renewable Energy and Efficiency Policy 2015 – The policy was endorsed as a policy document on April 20, 2015 by the Federal Executive Council (FEC). It is the first and only coordinated tool to drive renewable energy development and improve energy efficiency in Nigeria. The policy identified and accepted that the National Grid is limited in reach, and so saw Renewable Energy as the best solution to bridge the gap. It mandated that the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) and the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) be set up and the implementation timeline agreed. The policy projects a national generation profile of 6,156MW and 12,801MW of hydropower, 3.4MW and 11,7MW of biomass power, 1,343MW and 6,831MW of solar power and 631MW and 3,211mw of wind energy by 2020 and 2030. It finally mandated the government to provide guarantees and financial frameworks to stimulate the expansion of Nigeria’s renewable electricity market[5].
There was also the foreign-sponsored project; the four-year (2014-2018) Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project (REEEP), funded by United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Power Africa.
The federal government has also put together a mini-grid regulation that addresses issues like tariffs and compensation for mini-grid developers. The mini-grid regulation only applies to projects with an energy capacity of between 100 KW and 1 MW. These are positive steps toward generating power through clean energy.
Notwithstanding these positive enablements, there are issues bedeviling the efficient development of renewable energy projects in Nigeria.
Financial barrier
It is a known fact that financing is a huge clog in the power sector. Renewable energy projects require a huge capital outlay and financial resources for their effective execution. The absence of consistent cash flow and financing options for such investments constitute a barrier to the development of renewable energy projects.
Technological barriers
Renewable energy requires up-to-date technologies which is capital-intensive in nature. Since such projects involve tapping energy from non-conventional and non-traditional sources, it therefore requires new and novel technologies which; in most instances, are not cheap and may not be initially seen as cost-effective. The non-availability of these modern technologies in harnessing the huge potential of renewable energy in Nigeria has invariably constituted a clog in the wheel of the development of renewable energy projects in Nigeria.
Delay in the solar front-runners reaching financial close
It was commendable when the Federal government through the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Plc (NBET) signed the Solar Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with 14 companies styled as the ‘solar front runners’, who had contracted to build on grid 1,125 MW capacity of renewable power in Nigeria. The agreement demonstrated the government’s commitment to diversify Nigeria’s power industry. However, a number of issues have prevented the solar front runners from achieving financial close and the much sought after commercial operations. A further extension to the long stop date to early Q1 2020 to finalise on the Put Call Option Agreements (PCOA) may hopefully be the needed thrust to actualize these projects. Worthy of mention are the push backs by the developers and their financiers on the tariff as well their need for the necessary Government of Nigeria guarantees under the PCOA.
Licenses
In the Power sector, there are four categories of licenses– generation, transmission, distribution and trading licenses– all issued by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC). Aside these, a company contracted to develop solar plants have to get an Environmental Impact Assessment Permit.
By practice, it is estimated that for on-grid energy players, it takes about two years to get the required licenses and to finalize the purchase agreement with NBET, and about a year for off-grid energy generation. These factored periods further delay the targets set out in the Renewable Energy Action Plan.
Liquidity Crunch in Power Value Chain
The present liquidity crisis in the power chain is also a problem clogging progression in the Renewable energy sector. This would mean that when (and if) the 14 companies generate solar power, the NBET will have difficulties paying for the generated power, due to unremitted receipts from the already credit-crunched DisCos.
Poor Enforcement Mechanisms
This is paramount, and is almost an inherent problem with many policies. There are a spate of regulations, policies and master plans for renewable energy projects, but it appears that there is no effective legal enforcement machinery. This notionally inhibits the development of renewable energy projects in Nigeria.
CONCLUSION
To cut-off life from these issues, the government should focus on accelerating the implementation of its plans on renewable energy. This should begin with easing the application process for licenses, thereby shortening the turnaround time for obtaining such licenses.
The government should also make commitments to leverage on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) by ensuring investment guarantees, which will considerably support financing of renewable energy projects across the power value chain. While we expect improved liquidity in the power sector based on monetary interventions, it is also suggested that the NBET continues pressing the solar companies to begin the contracted constructions of the solar plants.
It is hoped that concrete efforts such as the suggested and collaboration amongst government parastatals will improve investments in the Renewable energy sector and also fast-pace the development of present renewable energy projects. Accordingly, it is also hoped that these will preclude the power sector from being entirely dependent on fossil-type or non-renewable energy sources.
[1] See National Energy Policy (NEP) (2003). Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Abuja: Federal Republic Of Nigeria, Available online at www.energy.gov.ng, (accessed 13th September, 2018).
[2] See Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) 2005 AND 2012, available online at www.energy.gov.ng (accessed 13th September, 2018)
[3] Renewable Electricity Policy Guidelines, available online at www.energy.gov.ng (accessed 13th September, 2018)
[4] See generally Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Draft Nigerian Bio-fuel Policy and Incentives, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Abuja 2007.
[5] E.I. Efurumibe “Barriers to the Development of Renewable Energy in Nigeria” (2013) 2(1) Scholarly Journal of Biotechnology.
The opinions in the articles are for general information purposes only and do not form a legal relationship or be taken as legal advice. To explore legal advice, please consult your solicitor or feel free to get in touch with us directly.
